Wave 12
Wave 11
Wave 10
Life history
HCAP2
End of life interviews
UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration
New data sharing agreement with NHS England
Healthy Homes  
ELSA blogs 
Policy impact
ELSA in the media
Publications

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Wave 12

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The content review process for Wave 12 started several months ago, with inputs from many stakeholders including the UK government funding departments. Wave 12 represents a move to online data collection, with a web-first approach.

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However, we will ring fence a sample of 1,500 ELSA participants who will undertake the conventional Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) approach to allow us to analyse mode effects.

 

As well as the ring-fenced sample, participants can also complete the survey via CAPI if they are unable to complete the survey online. We anticipate it will be older people who request this and those who have difficulty with equipment and online skills. There is likely to be a socioeconomic gradient which we will have to consider.

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The cognitive tests will be carried out via the telephone. Successful telephone completion has been demonstrated in ELSA previously but also in the US. We are currently investigating newer online cognitive tests that could be used in future waves.

 

After an extensive content review, the questionnaire underwent both cognitive and user testing. User testing covers the questionnaire program and survey materials and is used to understand how the respondents engage with the online survey and to assess their overall journey and experience. Cognitive testing is used to understand how respondents interpret survey questions and instructions. This is particularly important for existing ELSA content that has needed to be adapted for web. NatCen also held a series of ELSA participant focus groups to gather views on the planned move to a web-first approach.

 

The W12 web, CAPI and CATI fieldwork will be completed in August 2025. A longer time period than usual has been added following the dress rehearsal to allow for the incorporation of any significant changes.

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Lina Lloyd, Research Director at NatCen recently presented a summary of the changes for W12 which you can find on the SharePoint here, and you can also view a table summarising content changes here.

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Wave 11

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Interviewer fieldwork for Wave 11 was completed on 5th October 2024 with an overall response rate of 54%, with 5,389 productive households, 6,414 productive core members, and 7,847 responses overall. The existing sample achieved the highest household level response rate at 68% (4,318 households, 5,237 core members), followed by the FRS refreshment sample with a response rate of 39% (476 households, 490 core members).

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Health visit fieldwork closed on 24th November 2024. A total of 91% of core members agreed to a health visit, with just 9% refusing. Overall, 4,115 households had health visits with an overall response rate of 88%. There were 4,932 productive individual health visits with core members, and 146 additional productive health visits with partners.

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The main W11 dataset has been deposited on UKDS: SN 5050 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Waves 0-11, 1998-2024

 

The W11 health data and weighted dataset are expected to be available on UKDS by the end of July.

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Wave 10
 

Wave 10 fieldwork took place between June 2021 and March 2023. A total of 7,589 participants completed the main interview (6,286 core members) and 6,484 completed the self-completion questionnaire (5,483 core members). Wave 10 did not contain a health visit.

From Wave 10 onwards it was agreed that we would no longer produce the longer form wave report but will continue to provide the cross-sectional and longitudinal tables. These tables are now available on the ELSA website: https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/wave-reports-and-tables

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Selected data tables are included from the ELSA economics, social and health domains. Each section represents the different domains and shows cross-sectional and longitudinal data.

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​Detailed methodological information relating to wave 10 of ELSA can be found in the ELSA Wave 10 Technical report available on the Study documentation page.

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Life history 
 

We received additional funding from NIA to gather the life histories of participants who had not previously completed a life history questionnaire (LHQ) when it was administered during Wave 3 (2007).

 

Similar to the 2007 module, the newer LHQ is collecting information on marital status, fertility, residence, employment, and health histories, as well as information about other difficult life events. Additionally, the new LHQ is collecting information relevant to the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias. These include parental background and family context in childhood, early educational experiences, cognitively stimulating activities, learning difficulties, health behaviours, positive and adverse experiences in childhood and adulthood.

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These additions aim to enhance the existing life history data in ELSA and promote harmonization with retrospective life histories collected in other prominent ageing studies, including the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The aim is to help researchers establish novel connections between significant life events and later-life health outcomes, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other dementias.

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Fieldwork was completed in March 2025 and involved a mixed-mode sequential design, combining online and telephone interviewing. A total of 2,777 interviews were completed, which is a response rate of 56%, close to the target of 58%. The weighted life history dataset is due to be deposited on UKDS by the end of September 2025.

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HCAP2

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We received additional funding from NIA to carry out a second wave of the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP). This project aims to investigate cognitive function and characterise longitudinal trajectories in older adults within the ELSA cohort, including those from minority ethnic people.

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The HCAP2 sample consists of three groups: respondents from HCAP1 (tracking a 5-year trajectory of change), ELSA respondents from ethnic minority communities (targeting 300 participants), and randomly selected ELSA respondents aged 65 and older to enhance statistical power.

 

Fieldwork ran from April to October 2023, with 2,022 respondents interviewed. Among these, 547 had participated in HCAP1 and 307 were from ethnic minority communities. Additionally, 1,814 family/informant interviews were conducted out of the 2,022 invited sample. A total of 173 end-of-life interviews with informants of deceased ELSA participants who were eligible for HCAP2 were also completed.

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Following a period of quality checks and data cleaning, the collected data from the respondent and informant interviews were made available through the UK Data Service in February 2025: SN8502 https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=8502.

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The HCAP2 End of Life data will be available on UKDS in August 2025.

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End of life interviews

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End of life interviews also took place during Wave 11 and HCAP2 fieldwork. End of Life interviews were previously included in ELSA at waves 2, 3, 4 and 6. These are designed to capture some aspects of health, psychological and spiritual wellbeing, social circumstances and residence in the period of a cohort member’s life between last ELSA interview and death and then the economic consequences for the family. 

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The key informant who is asked to provide the information should be someone who knew the person well and may be a member of the household, a friend or a carer. Only core members of the ELSA sample are issued (not their partners).

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The topics covered in the end of life interview are:

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• Scenario of the ELSA respondent’s death

• Their activity levels and help needed prior to their death

• Cognitive abilities prior to their death

• Challenging behaviour prior to their death

• Mental health prior to their death

• Social, psychological and spiritual support prior to their death

• Sight and hearing prior to their death

• Health problems and symptoms prior to their death

• Health care decisions prior to their death

• Financing medical care prior to their death

• Financing their funeral

• Assets and asset distribution after death

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W11 EoL fieldwork finished in December 2024. The response rate was 44% and data are due to be deposited in October 2025.

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UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration

 

ELSA is part of the UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration which is the national Trusted Research Environment (TRE) for data linkage in longitudinal research. UK LLC brings together de-identified data from Longitudinal Population Studies and systematically links these data to study participants’ health, administrative and place-based records in the UK LLC TRE.

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Initially set up to address Covid-related research questions, the UK LLC has now broadened its research purpose to support any research in the public good and will shortly be open to applications asking a wide range of research questions.

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A full list of the NHS England datasets that are linked to can be found here: http://ukllc.ac.uk/datasets

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New data sharing agreement with NHS England 

We have signed a new data sharing agreement with NHS England allowing access to Hospital Episode Statistics, mortality and cancer registry data linked to ELSA data. We are accepting applications from across the ELSA collaborators. 

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Healthy Homes

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We have been successful in receiving funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research for a project called Healthy Homes. In collaboration with the UCL Energy Institute, this project will use ELSA data to assess the impact of home upgrades such as insulation and new boilers on long-term health.

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More information on the Healthy Homes grant can be found here: https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/healthy-homes

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ELSA blogs 

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This year’s ELSA blogs have showcased the depth and policy relevance of our research. We shared insights from a major international retreat at UCL focused on environmental risks and healthy ageing, with collaboration across studies in the UK, US, India and Chile. The importance of longitudinal data in tracking life-course transitions was explored by Professor Paola Zaninotto. ELSA’s role in informing the IFS pensions review was also highlighted, particularly around pension age awareness and the risks linked to cognitive decline. Read more here: www.elsa-project.ac.uk/elsa-blogs

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Policy impact
 

In the first year of the new grant term starting 1st June 2024, ELSA data have been included in 83 policy reports. These have included:

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• The Older People’s Housing Taskforce report by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government & Department of Health and Social Care. This report recommends ELSA as a data source for building a lifetime snapshot of housing [link]

• Unsung Britain report by The Resolution Foundation. This report included ELSA data showing how the rise in state pension age for women led to higher employment [link]

• What builds good health?’ report by The Health Foundation. This report used ELSA data that showed how healthy employees are enabled to continue working as they get older, whereas poor health can lead to forced early retirement [link] 

• Ageing in the North report by the Northern Health Science Alliance. ELSA data were used in this report to formulate recommendations on the importance of preventive approaches across the life course to delay the onset of disease and reduce the time spent with disability. [link]

• A report by the Upjohn Institute in the US called Does Schooling Improve Cognitive Abilities at Older Ages?. This report used ELSA data that showed that low levels of numeracy were associated with lower levels of wealth and lower probability of owning a private pension [link]

• A report by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre called ‘Decoding Depression: Exploring the Environome Across Life Course’. This report cited ELSA data which showed the positive effect that cultural engagement has on depression [link]

 

Full details on the policy reports that have included ELSA data can be found here https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/policy-documents 

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ELSA in the media
 

ELSA research has been covered extensively in the media since the start of the new grant term on 1st June 2024 with a total of 164 mentions in 

 

the first year alone. You can find the summary of all media mentions here: https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/media

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Publications
 

There have been a total of 163 manuscripts published using ELSA data in the first year of this current grant (1st June 2024 - 31st May 2025). ELSA data have been used in more than 1,500 publications since it started. For the full list, visit https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/publications 

 

2024-2025 publications

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1. Wu Y, Niu X, Lv B, Li X, Wang W, Feng W, et al. The impacts of multimorbidity trajectories and patterns on functional limitations over time in middle-aged and older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;137:105919.

2. Li J, Yang D, He Q, Wu Q, Sun W, Sun W. Association of motoric cognitive risk syndrome with falls in older adults: findings from three longitudinal studies. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):388; PMCID: PMC12121193.

3. Zhang X, Zeng R, Zhu A, Xie F, Ye D, Chen L, et al. Association between sensory impairment and cognitive frailty among older people: Evidence from four nationwide cohort studies. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025;29(8):100590.

4. Balachandran A, Pei H, Shi Y, Beard JR, Caspi A, Cohen AA, et al. Pace of Aging analysis of healthspan and lifespan in older adults in the US and UK. Nat Aging. 2025;5(6):1132-42; PMCID: PMC12176510.

5. Hill MW, Kal E, Lord SR, Wright H, Broom D, Ellmers TJ. Self-Perceptions of Aging Predict Recovery After a Fall: Prospective Analysis From the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025.

6. Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Canada B, Terracciano A. Personality Traits and the Risk of Osteoporosis in Three Longitudinal Samples. Biopsychosoc Sci Med. 2025.

7. Huang L, Jin W, Liang Z, Chen H. Associations between depressive symptoms, activity of daily living, and falls/severe falls: evidence from two prospective longitudinal studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2025.

8. Gao Q, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Chronic loneliness and isolation phenotypes, incident functional impairment and mortality in England between 2004 and 2018. Nat Ment Health. 2025;3(6):667-74; PMCID: PMC12165843.

9. Ren Z, Zhang X, Cao L, Wang L, Li L, Liu J. Lifelong associations between childhood multimorbidity and early-onset and late-onset dementia: A multi-cohort study. Public Health. 2025;244:105768.

10. Sinclair DR, Maharani A, Kingston A, O'Neill TW, Matthews FE. Frailty-free life expectancy and its association with socio-economic characteristics: an analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing cohort study. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):276; PMCID: PMC12065162.

11. Kontari P, Fife-Schaw C, Smith K. Independent and combined effects of depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic risk factors on dementia incidence: a cross-country comparison in England, the United States and China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;136:105889.

12. Zheng G, Fang Z, Zhou B, He F, Zhang H, Xiao H, et al. Association between adverse childhood experiences and long-term blood pressure variability: Insights from a pooled analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025;384:118-24.

13. Simkin V, Poole L, Smith KJ. The longitudinal association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with transient and chronic loneliness among older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2025:1-9.

14. Alobaidi F, Heidari E, Sabbah W. Behavioral Pathway between Social Support and Network, and Edentulism. J Dent Res. 2025:220345251329337.

15. Tampubolon G. Growing up in poverty, growing old in frailty: the life course shaping of health in the United States, England and Europe-a prospective and retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):15510; PMCID: PMC12049476.

16. Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, Brown J, Kekalainen T, Hajek A, et al. Purpose in life and lung function: an individual-participant meta-analysis of six cohort studies. Respir Res. 2025;26(1):171; PMCID: PMC12049041.

17. Luo S, Chen W, Hu W, Wang HHX, Li J, Guo VY, Rehkopf DH. Parental Education, Own Education, and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(5):e2513036; PMCID: PMC12125642.

18. Kou W, Shi S, Huang J, Xie Y, Qiu P. Falls and subsequent cognitive function in older adults in England and the USA, 2010-2020: a population-based, cross-nationally harmonized, longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2025.

19. Fancourt D, Steptoe A. Can social prescribing reach patients most in need? Patterns of (in)equalities in referrals in a representative cohort of older adults in England. Perspect Public Health. 2025:17579139251330767.

20. Hughes CML, Zhang Y, Pourhossein A, Jurasova T. A comparative analysis of binary and multi-class classification machine learning algorithms to detect current frailty status using the English longitudinal study of ageing (ELSA). Front Aging. 2025;6:1501168; PMCID: PMC12052818.

21. Finn S, Bone JK, Fancourt D, Warran K, Mak HW. Longitudinal associations between cultural engagement and mental and social well-being: A fixed-effects analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2025.

22. Zhang Y, Iob E, Tapia Munoz T. Identifying leading anti-inflammatory dietary determinants of depression and loneliness in older adults. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2025;46:101000; PMCID: PMC12041756.

23. Musson EN, Hoade Y, Dace P, Herrero J, Denaxas S, Steptoe A, Payne E. Analysis of the effects of statin therapy on clonal dynamics in clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential: insights from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. medRxiv. 2025; PMCID: PMC12047959.

24. Zhang W, Liang J, Li C, Pan Y, Gao D, Wang Y, et al. Association of cumulative blood pressure with progression of depressive symptoms and functional impairment among adults aged 50 years or older: 10-year follow-up of two longitudinal cohorts. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025.

25. Burns RJ, Ford K, Forget GC, Fardfini-Ruginets K, Ward R. Courses of depressive symptoms and diabetes incidence among middle-aged and older adults: A prospective study. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0321712; PMCID: PMC12002524.

26. Jeong ES, Bae SM. Moderated mediation of physical activity through depression on the relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2025:1-7.

27. Shaw RJ, Hamilton OKL, Rhead R, Silverwood RJ, Wels J, Zhu J, et al. Associations between different measures of SARS-CoV-2 infection status and subsequent economic inactivity: A pooled analysis of five longitudinal surveys linked to healthcare records. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0321201; PMCID: PMC11981124.

28. Zhang L, Zhang J, Chen Q, Cai X, Zu L, Liu L, et al. Unraveling the link between physical activity and cognitive function: the mediating impact of depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):1265; PMCID: PMC11969828.

29. Hua J, Dong J, Chen Y, Li H, Chen Q. Longitudinal Association of Remnant Cholesterol With Cognitive Decline Varies by Lipid-Lowering Drugs: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14(7):e040211.

30. Huang H, Ni L, Zhang L, Zhou J, Peng B. Longitudinal association between frailty and pain in three prospective cohorts of older population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025;29(6):100537.

31. Wu Q, Xu J, Xu X, Yang J. Trajectories of depressive symptoms and the risk of cardiovascular, dementia, and pulmonary events in older adults: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2025;94:199-205.

32. Davies LE, Sinclair DR, Todd C, Hanratty B, Matthews FE, Kingston A. Area-level socioeconomic inequalities in activities of daily living disability-free life expectancy in England: a modelling study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2025;6(4):100700.

33. Flood D, Zhang YS, Nichols E, Li C, Zaninotto P, Langa KM, et al. Diabetes and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older adults in China, England, Mexico, rural South Africa, and the USA: a population-based study of longitudinal aging cohorts. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2025;13(2); PMCID: PMC11931896.

34. Marques Luiz M, de Oliveira Máximo R, de Souza AF, Batista de Souza T, Souza Lima S, Coelho Silveira L, et al. Is serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency a risk factor for the incidence of slow gait speed in older individuals? Evidence from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(6):3104-12; PMCID: PMC12046445.

35. Hamilton OS, Steptoe A. Financial stress and sleep duration in immune and neuroendocrine patterning. An analytical triangulation in ELSA. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;127:396-408.

36. Sun H, Carr H, Garcia-Argibay M, Cortese S, Solmi M, Golm D, Brandt V. Large-scale evidence of a general disease ('d') factor accounting for both mental and physical health disorders in different age groups. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e78.

37. Sun H, Carr H, Garcia-Argibay M, Cortese S, Solmi M, Golm D, Brandt V. Large-scale evidence of a general disease ('d') factor accounting for both mental and physical health disorders in different age groups. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e78.

38. Huang L, Liang Z, Chen H. Association between physical activity and frailty transitions in middle-aged and older adults: a nationwide longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025;22(1):31.

39. Ma C, He S, Luo J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Xiao W, Zou H. Social isolation and risk of mortality in middle-aged and older adults with arthritis: a prospective cohort study of four cohorts. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):8073; PMCID: PMC11890775.

40. Sinclair DR, Maharani A, Clegg A, Hanratty B, Tampubolon G, Todd C, et al. Differences in the risk of frailty based on care receipt, unmet care needs and socio-economic inequalities: A longitudinal analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Frailty Aging. 2025;14(2):100012.

41. Ren Z, Luo Y, Liu Y, Gao J, Liu J, Zheng X. Prolonged loneliness and risk of incident cognitive decline and dementia: A two-cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2025;378:254-62.

42. Xu X, Jing F, Zhong H, Lin L, Gao T, Cheng W, Xu Z. Synergistic impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical activity on incident depression: Evidence from a prospective cohort and genome-wide data. J Affect Disord. 2025;378:235-41.

43. Xu X, Jing F, Zhong H, Lin L, Gao T, Cheng W, Xu Z. Synergistic impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical activity on incident depression: Evidence from a prospective cohort and genome-wide data. J Affect Disord. 2025;378:235-41.

44. Xu X, Jing F, Zhong H, Lin L, Gao T, Cheng W, Xu Z. Synergistic impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical activity on incident depression: Evidence from prospective cohorts and genome-wide data. J Affect Disord. 2025.

45. Gu Y, Han X, Liu J, Li Y, Zhang W, Yuan X, et al. Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity and Stroke Among Middle-Aged and Older Population: Insights From 3 Prospective Cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14(5):e038376.

46. Gong J, Williams DM, Scholes S, Assaad S, Bu F, Hayat S, et al. Unraveling the role of proteins in dementia: insights from two UK cohorts with causal evidence. Brain Commun. 2025;7(2):fcaf097; PMCID: PMC11906402.

47. Ygnatios NTM, de Oliveira C, Mambrini JVM, Lima-Costa MF, Torres JL. Daily fruit or vegetable consumption and frailty among older adults: Findings from the ELSI-Brazil and ELSA cohorts. Geriatr Nurs. 2025;62(Pt B):215-20.

48. Cho J, Kim TH, Oh J, Lee S, Kim K, Park J, et al. Association between social engagement frequency and the risk of depression in South Korea, the US, and the UK: Multinational evidence from longitudinal studies of aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2025.

49. Boyd A, Evans KM, Turner EL, Flaig R, Oakley J, Campbell KC, et al. UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration (UK LLC): The National Trusted Research Environment for Longitudinal Research. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2025;10(1):2468; PMCID: PMC11931487.

50. Hu B, Brimblecombe N, Cartagena-Farias J. Social Care Costs of Depressive Symptoms in the English Older Population: Then Role of Housing Quality Improvements. Innov Aging. 2025;9(4):igaf017; PMCID: PMC12019638.

51. Prakash KC, Stenholm S, Kyrönlahti S, Kulmala J, Tanjung K, Nosraty L, et al. Sociodemographic and work-related determinants of self-rated health trajectories: a collaborative meta-analysis of cohort studies from Europe and the US. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):5394; PMCID: PMC11825677.

52. Wu YT, Prina M, Zaninotto P. Climate Change and Healthy Aging: What Are the Existing Data in Aging Studies? Innov Aging. 2025;9(4):igaf008; PMCID: PMC12019628.

53. Zaninotto P, Iob E, Di Gessa G, Steptoe A. Recovery of psychological wellbeing following the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal analysis of the English longitudinal study of ageing. Aging Ment Health. 2025:1-9.

54. Gong J, Scholes S, Cole S, Zaninotto P, Steptoe A. Associations between plasma proteins and psychological wellbeing: evidence from over 20 years of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. medRxiv. 2025; PMCID: PMC11838684.

55. Liu Y, Hayat S, Assaad S, Cadar D, Steptoe A, Lee J, Gross AL. Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Contrasting approaches to evaluation of factor structure. Int Psychogeriatr. 2025:100042.

56. Fancourt D, Bloomberg M, Steptoe A. Social connections are differentially related to perceived and physiological age acceleration amongst older adults. medRxiv. 2025; PMCID: PMC11838645.

57. Whiston A, Semkovska M, Boland P, Cassidy I, Cremona A, Dillon S, et al. Network models of late life depression symptoms and cognitive impairments across time. Aging Ment Health. 2025:1-11.

58. Shi J, Shen X, Tian Y, Lu R, Li J, Geng X, et al. Association of memory function with COVID-19 outcomes in adults aged 50 years and older: Analysis of three prospective cohorts. medRxiv. 2025; PMCID: PMC11839002.

59. Spiers GF, Davies LE, Sinclair D, Tan MMC, Kingston A, Hanratty B. Which unmet social care needs have the biggest impact on healthy ageing? An analysis of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMJ Open. 2025;15(1):e084812; PMCID: PMC11758690.

60. Manca R, Flatt JD, Venneri A. Differential Impact of Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Older Adults in England. Brain Sci. 2025;15(1); PMCID: PMC11764127.

61. Hounkpatin H, Islam N, Stuart B, Santer M, Farmer A, Dambha-Miller H. The association of loneliness and social isolation with multimorbidity over 14 years in older adults in England: A population-based cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;131:105763.

62. Glaser K, Di Gessa G. Grandparental childcare and subjective well-being: The role of activities and reasons for care. Soc Sci Med. 2025;366:117711.

63. Di Gessa G, Bordone V, Arpino B. Trajectories of loneliness in later life - Evidence from a 10-year English panel study. Soc Sci Med. 2025:117703.

64. Wang M, Fan C, Han Y, Wang Y, Cai H, Zhong W, et al. Associations of modifiable dementia risk factors with dementia and cognitive decline: evidence from three prospective cohorts. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1529969; PMCID: PMC11774717.

65. Wood D, Evangelopoulos D, Kitwiroon N, Stewart G, Vu T, Smith J, et al. Personalised estimation of exposure to ambient air pollution and application in a longitudinal cohort analysis of cognitive function in London-dwelling older adults. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025.

66. Farmer JG, Macchia L, Bu F, Gong J, Steptoe A, Demakakos P, Kubzansky LD. Prosocial Intentions and Subsequent Cognitive Health: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2025.

67. Westrick AC, Yu X, O'Shea B, Kobayashi LC. Effect of social support on memory ageing of middle-aged and older cancer survivors: a marginal structural modelling approach. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2025.

68. de Souza AF, Ramirez PC, Capra de Oliveira D, Maximo RO, Luiz MM, Delinocente MLB, et al. Frailty or sarcopenia: which is a better indicator of mortality risk in older adults? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2025;79(2):124-30; PMCID: PMC11730048.

69. Hu B, Brimblecombe N, Cartagena-Farias J, Silva-Ribeiro W. Projected costs of long-term care for older people in England: The impacts of housing quality improvements. Health Policy. 2025;152:105246.

70. Alobaidi F, Heidari E, Sabbah W. Health-Related Behaviour Clusters and Functional Dentition in Older People. Gerodontology. 2025.

71. Bloomberg M, Steptoe A. Sex and education differences in trajectories of physiological ageing: longitudinal analysis of a prospective English cohort study. medRxiv. 2025; PMCID: PMC11741463.

72. Chen C, Zhang S, Huang N, Zhang M, Fu J, Guo J. Effects of physical multimorbidity on cognitive decline trajectories among adults aged 50 years and older with different wealth status: a 17-year population-based cohort study. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2024;11:e131; PMCID: PMC11704386.

73. Kusama T, Komiyama T, Takeuchi K, Sabbah W, Osaka K, Gallagher JE. Bidirectional longitudinal associations between subjective oral health and subjective well-being. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024;131:105740.

74. Olson K, Hackett RA, Scott W. Weight discrimination partially mediates the longitudinal relationship between Body Mass Index and pain. J Pain. 2024;28:104772.

75. Yang P, Tian L, Xia Y, Hu M, Xiao X, Leng Y, Gong L. Association of sleep quality and its change with the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly people: A 10-year cohort study from England. J Affect Disord. 2025;373:245-52.

76. Zheng Z, Song Y, Liu Z, He J, Shi S, Song C, et al. Sleep quality and incident hypertension. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2024.

77. Hayat S, Assaad S, Brayne C, Ahmed N, Steptoe A. A study evaluation framework for measuring cognition. Lessons learned in cross-national contexts from four English-speaking aging cohorts. Res Sq. 2024; PMCID: PMC11702860.

78. Beard JR, Hanewald K, Si Y, Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan J, Moreno-Agostino D. Cohort trends in intrinsic capacity in England and China. Nat Aging. 2025;5(1):87-98; PMCID: PMC11754101.

79. Danemayer J, Bloomberg M, Mills A, Holloway C, Hussein S. Demographic, socioeconomic, and social barriers to use of mobility assistive products: a multistate analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Lancet Public Health. 2025;10(1):e20-e8.

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